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Texto Previo para Ciudad del Cabo 2010

Las tecnologías emergentes y el futuro humano

Autor: Nigel Cameron and John Wyatt
Fecha: 20.08.2010
Category: Ciencia y Bioetica

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Publicado originalmente en inglés

Nota del editor: El presente Texto Previo para Ciudad del Cabo 2010 fue escrito por Nigel Cameron y John Wyatt como una reseña del tema a debatirse en la sesión Multiplex sobre “La ética, las tecnologías emergentes y el futuro humano”. Los comentarios a este texto realizados a través de la Conversación Global de Lausana serán remitidos al autor y a otras personas para ayudar a dar forma a su presentación final en el Congreso.

¿Qué significa ser un humano? El pensamiento tradicional siempre ha hecho una clara distinción entre seres “naturales”, derivados del orden natural, y los “artefactos”, producto de la inventiva y la fabricación humanas. Durante muchos siglos, la encarnación de nuestra naturaleza humana fue la última frontera del orden natural. Aunque los seres humanos podían modificar e instrumentalizar cada aspecto de su ambiente, no podían escapar a los “límites preestablecidos” de su condición humana.

Sin embargo, el veloz desarrollo de las tecnologías emergentes está a punto de crear un ataque nuevo y profundamente perturbador contra la identidad humana en el siglo 21. Este ataque va dirigido al corazón mismo de nuestra antropología: se centra en la relación fundamental entre nuestros artefactos y nuestra propia naturaleza, entre nuestras capacidades para manipular y nosotros mismos. Fue este reconocimiento lo que llevó a C.S. Lewis, allá durante los oscuros días de 1943, a escribir su ensayo profético sobre “La abolición del hombre”, quizá la declaración más aguda alguna vez realizada respecto de la más grande de las cuestiones que enfrentaremos en el siglo 21. La importancia fundamental de la creencia en cuanto a que somos creados a imagen de Dios es está a punto de ser puesta a prueba como nunca antes.

El punto de vista de Lewis era que mientras la tecnología parecía extender la capacidad humana para controlar y someter la naturaleza, “lo que llamamos el poder del hombre sobre la naturaleza resulta ser un poder ejercido por algunos hombres sobre otros hombres con la naturaleza como su instrumento”. No puede haber un “incremento del poder que favorezca al hombre. Cada nuevo poder adquirido por el hombre es también un poder sobre el hombre. Cada nuevo avance lo hace más débil al mismo tiempo que más fuerte. En cada victoria, además de ser el general triunfador victorioso es un prisionero que va detrás del carro triunfal. […] La naturaleza humana será la última parte de la naturaleza en someterse al hombre.  Podremos […] de allí en adelante hacer de nuestra especie lo que queramos que sea. La batalla por cierto será ganada; ¿pero quién, exactamente, será el ganador? […] La conquista final por parte del hombre ha demostrado ser la abolición del hombre”.

En otras palabras, al apropiarnos del poder para determinar nuestro propio futuro, nos convertimos en criaturas diseñadas por nosotros, artefactos fabricados por nosotros mismos.

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Palabras clave: Ética, humana, humanidad, tecnología, tecnologías, identidad, artefactos, La abolición del hombre, imagen de Dios, futuro, dignidad, genética, embrión, neurociencia, cerebro, eugenesia, mejoramiento, transhumanismo, creación, resurrección

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PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo brucec (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

I suppose all of the emerging technologies can be seen as good or bad.  If these technologies can be used to find cures for diseases and cure things like birth defects in children, it would be good.  If it gets into the genetic modification, it is not a good thing.  Where does good begin and then turn into evil?  All the technology facing us is sometimes scary.  Hopefully it can be used to bring glory to God and to help share the gospel around the world.  In all of these issues, we must focus on God and work to keep others focused on God as well


07.12.2011
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo sbowling (1)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

An interesting outlook on emerging technologies.  This paper emphasizes how humankind has and is continually trying to gain power over or humanness and our future.


19.09.2011
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo TheCrookedMouth (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

As technological innovations continue to change the way our daily lives are lived, Cameron and Wyatt caution us that "the pivotal significance of the Christian belief that we are made in the image of God is about to be tested as never before." New technologies are leading us down a path where the lines between human and artifact. While these new discoveries and new applications will undoubtedly have the power to address some of the world’s greatest problems, they also will present new opportunities to degrade human dignity and intensify wealth and power stratification. 

The close of the paper asserts that "the resurrection of Christ as a physical human being can be seen as God’s vote of confidence in the created human nature. . . . The resurrection is God’s final and irrevocable ’yes’ to humankind."
While Cameron and Wyatt have in their minds a vision of the future that evokes images of A Brave New World, The Matrix, and iRobot, their concerns are not fundamentally new. Each new epoch of innovation brings about new possibilities for the advancement of human society and stark warnings of the evils that may ensue. While it may be tempting to write off their questions as paranoid with perhaps a conspiratorial air, the authors’ centering of technological restraint based on the incarnation and resurrection, is key. God chose to enter the world as human, with all the limitations that entails, and succumbed to the eventual end of entropy - death and decay - that nearly all human technological innovation seeks to thwart.
In the resurrection, God did thwart death and decay. And Christ was raised human! It is true that the resurrected Christ was, somehow, different. His perfected humanness is not fully manifest in us yet. It is the Spirit, not technology, that is at work within us to change us "from glory to glory." That is not a blanket condemnation of new technology or subsequent applications. But it is an exhortation to remember that no technology will save the world or alleviate all suffering. Christ has already done that. Our call is to subordinate the fidelity of technology to the work He’s already (and, paradoxically not yet) done.

Well done, gentlemen. Well done.


16.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo andyshudall (0)
Nueva Zelanda

Emerging tech goes far beyond and is wrapped deep within the concept of humanity.

Our digital identity and biological reality often become the focus of quantum considerations.  As we address the problems of the minutiae of fragmentation let us not turn our eyes from the macro of God’s creation.  We were not created to be, nor redeemed through Christ for, fragmentation but rather for the resurrection of the body into eternal life.

Any threat to our inherent created special position and degrading of humanity to biological, neurological or technological details has to be challenged by the incarnational power of God-in-Flesh: redeeming and elevating humanity in eschatalogically informed hope.

The article is really helpful in beginning to challenge our thinking about the cost and the benefit of technological advance.

Just because it is possible does not mean it is necessary - indeed sometimes possibility must be constrained by truth and ethics and even theology. 


12.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Valerio_Bernardi (0)  
Italia

I found the paper very interesting.

I think that that you are right that the new genetic technologies can drive us toward a kind of abolition of man.

The scriptural basis of your reflections are solid.

I think that we can use some ideas of some secular thinker like Michel Foucault. He talked of biological power and I think that sometimes we are close to this idea. The governance of biological technological can conduct to a new biological power on our bodies and the individual, in this new form of power can lose his humanities and also the control of his body.


08.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Jetteke_N (0)  
Países Bajos

Interesting and scary in a way. To see that what C.S. Lewis wrote about is happening today. An interesting read, connected to this subject and C.S. Lewis would be: ’Real Presence’ - the Glory of Christ with us and within us, by Leanne Payne, Baker Book House, ISBN 0-8010-5172-X


05.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Jacques_N (0)
Francia

I am not so convinced by the opposition between nature and technology in the introduction: I think the postulate should be nuanced (although it is partly done in the core of the paper).

A dialogue with epistemology could be interesting to connect technology, ethics, science and knowledge. Some elements could help us to see the very difficulty of the christian position towards technological progress: The prolegomena of science that are the base of technological development have kicked out the possible foundation of knowledge in a preexistent God. In other words, there is something deeply human at work here: sinful pride in the use of our capacities, yet still (common grace) incredible opportunities for progress. 

I do agree with the author’s emphasis on the necessity for christian to be present in discussions on technology, and not to step out immediately because of pro-life premices. Technology is always ambiguous, because it is structuraly (like all parts of our humanity) sinful: and we are, or will be, or can not always avoid to be participants, beneficiaries and in complicity with its sin. We still are to remain humbly but firmly prophetic voices that warn and address the sin there as in other issues (justice, prejudices etc)


05.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 1 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo David_Benson (2)  
Australia

Thanks guys--lots of food for thought.  I’m looking forward to the multiplex!  Presently I’m reading through C. S. Lewis’s space trilogy, in particular "That Hideous Strength."  The Abolition of Man takes on flesh in frightening form as NICE (the national institute for co-ordinated experiments) hits full stride with modifications to humanity.  

But I wonder in this if we fall foul of Neil Postman’s critique in Technopoly that by so emphasizing the problems with technology as prophets, that are dismissed by the populace who perhaps can only see (like techno-priests) the way technology has mediated blessings to the world.

I think you hit the nail on the head with this framing question: "How can emerging technologies with their extraordinary power be used not to manipulate and destroy but to better fulfill our humanness?"

Our church recently ran a forum--"Unplugged: Imaging God in a High Tech World" (see http://www.kbc.org.au/media/message-logos-unplugged/)--precisely on this question.  Do our devices amplify or suppress a desire for the Kingdom.  Does our use of technology magnify or mutilate the image of God in me?

I agree with one other response on this forum, asking to broaden the topic out beyond medical technology.  What about the impact of multiplayer games, t.v., mobile phones, etc. ... how are we shaped by the media we use?

Does our use of technology lead to 

Humility or Pride; Transformation or Information; Connection or Fragmentation; Serving or Self-Serving; Freedom or Addiction; Cultivating or Consuming.

This relates directly to evangelism, as Christ sends us not as a twitter from heaven or a detached word-file, but as a broken medium of flesh and blood.  Our lives and community are the medium that either establishes or invalidates our message of the Kingdom of God.  We definitely need wisdom as we soul search why our technology consumption and patterns are virtually identical to the surrounding world.

God bless as you tackle such a pressing but difficult and diverse topic :)

Adjuntos descargables


28.09.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 1 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Sara_S (1)  
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

Thank you Nigel and John for your thought-provoking paper.

Moving to the question of "What then shall we do?", the answer you propose appears to be that Christians should discern the issues and hold fast to the dignity of human life as verified in the life and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Christian voices of orthodoxy iwould presumably shape public policy in the face of dehumanizing technology. This is where we need to carefully discern what you are proposing regarding the shaping of public policy.

I live in Colorado Springs, CO, the presumed "Mecca" of the expression of evangelicalism in the United States. In the minds of some Christians within the wider Church, the vocal attempts of several ministries to influence public policy have paradoxically increased the divide between the perceived secular and sacred and decreased the influence of the voice of the Church. It would be helpful to hear how an ethical influence in public policy is best presented by the church in a secular, pluralistic, and sometimes dehumanizing public arena. An inclusion of more "therefore..." would greatly help many of us.

Respectfully yours,

Sara Singleton


26.09.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo J_P_K_Neville_Jayasu (1)  
Sri Lanka

Thank you Nigel and John.  

The first example of man’s desire to manipulate genetics is found in Jacob’s attempt to increase the flock with spots and speckles as found in Genesis 30:32-43.  Though he did not have the knowledge and the technology we posses today he still pursued a course of action he thought would make the flock appear the way which was beneficiary to him.  Jacob could be named the father of genetic engineering though his concepts were wrong scientifically.  He had the vision.  He believed in the possibility of interfering with nature to manipulate the outward appearance of animals.  God did not need Jacobs help to do what Jacob wanted done.  What is startling here is that God simply let it happen the way Jacob wanted it.  But Jacob would have imagined himself a wise man interfering in the natural process of genetic selection. 

Today we know a little better than Jacob.  But our knowledge of God is not as much. God was not ashamed to call Himself the God of Jacob.  We are so full of ourselves that we forget to fear God and thus misuse the scientific and technological capabilities.  “The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom” Pro.1:7 .  Christian believers must use all what modern technology has to offer in the fear of God.  It has been the choice they all ways had to make in every generation.  We are no different. 


07.09.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar -1 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Pete_Houston (7)
Sudáfrica

A fictional concept that captures the same sentiment as the C.S. Lewis excerpts you quote is the "ring of power" in the "Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien.  (Lewis and Tolkien were close friends.)  When Gandalf is offered the ring he replies, “With that power, I should have power too great and terrible. And over me the Ring would gain a power still greater and more deadly... the way of the ring to my heart is by pity, pity for weakness and the desire of strength to do good... The wish to wield it would be too great for my strength.” 

Emerging technologies are providing humanity with a power both too great and terrible, too wonderful and waylaying.  Or as you argue from the words of C.S Lewis, that here can be no increase in power on humanity’s side since each new power won by humanity is a power over humanity as well (each advance leaves us weaker as well as stronger).  This biblical truth about sinful human is narrated in fantasy (Tolkien) and philosophy (Lewis).  Since the final conquest is our own abolition, we require saving from our own humanity and a reference external to ourselves.


01.09.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 1 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo v_lim (13)  
Singapur

This multiplex sesssion could include other ethical issues and emerging technologies, not only bioethical issues and medical technologies. What are the ethical concerns for other emerging technologies which could significantly affect our human future? Technologies such as mobile computing, social networking, genetically modified food, robotics, etc. Besides addressing the challenges of emerging technologies, the discussion should highlight the opportunities to employ new technologies for ministry.  


26.08.2010

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