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Texto Previo para Ciudad del Cabo 2010

Secularidad: El dogma se encuentra con la diversidad en Europa

Autor: Robert Calvert
Fecha: 09.07.2010
Category: Verdad y Pluralismo

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Publicado originalmente en inglés

Nota del editor: El presente Texto Previo para Ciudad del Cabo 2010 fue escrito por Robert Calvert como una reseña del tema a debatirse en la sesión Multiplex sobre “Dogma y diversidad: ¿Puede la verdad evangélica hacer frente de manera eficaz a la secularidad en un mundo pluralista?”. Los comentarios a este texto realizados a través de la Conversación Global de Lausana serán remitidos al autor y a otras personas para ayudar a dar forma a su presentación final en el Congreso.

Según la mitología griega, Zeus, el jefe de los dioses, raptó a Europa, hija del dios de Fenicia. Lo hizo presentándose a ella en forma de toro. Cuando la joven se sentó sobre el toro, este la llevó a la isla de Creta, donde Zeus le reveló quién era él en realidad. Una traducción francesa interpretó este relato de secuestro como el robo del alma de Europa por parte de Dios. ¿Existe en el alma de Europa un sentido de la presencia del Dios vivo? Si hay tal cosa como un alma europea, esta ciertamente ha sido afectada por la espiritualidad pagana, la celta, la judía y la musulmana. Pero hoy día se la debería describir como un alma secular.

Si el secularismo es la filosofía de “la muerte de Dios” y la secularización es el proceso por medio del cual las personas pierden la fe, entonces la secularidad es el paradigma que apuntala y genera el marco para hablar de una “era de la secularización”. “La secularidad, a diferencia del ’secularismo’ o la secularización, se refiere a las condiciones de las creencias o el cambio en nuestra comprensión, respecto de cuáles son los fundamentos de nuestra sociedad”. (1) En este año del centenario de la pionera Conferencia Misionera Mundial en Edimburgo, intentamos exponer brevemente el contexto de 1910 a 2010 a fin de entender la secularidad. Porque fue de Europa, al final del siglo XIX, que surgió la era de la industrialización con uso intensivo de mano de obra (urbanización); también conocida como el período del “músculo”. (2) Entre 1910 y 2010, a mediados del siglo XX, surgió la era de la industrialización con uso intensivo de capital (“metropoli-zación”); también conocida como el período de la “máquina”. Para 1990 o fines del siglo XX, el mundo entero, guiado por las revoluciones tecnológicas occidentales, entró en la era de la industrialización con uso intensivo de la información (globalización); también conocida como el período de la “mente”. Aunque la nueva visión del mundo mantenía vigente el modelo económico de la producción (con sus orígenes en la tecnología basada en la ciencia), permitía el desarrollo de elementos sobrenaturales y espirituales.

Charles Taylor, autor de un voluminoso texto sobre el tema (3), señala que los orígenes de la secularidad se encuentran en el deísmo, que fue muy influyente en los siglos XVII y XVIII en Gran Bretaña y en Francia (como así también en los EE.UU. de Norteamérica). Rechazando la postura teísta del judaísmo, el Islam y gran parte del cristianismo, el deísmo obtenía sus conceptos sobre Dios (Su naturaleza y existencia) de la razón y la experiencia personal, y no de las escrituras sagradas o los testimonios de otros. Al interpretar nuestra era secular, Taylor pasa del deísmo a centrar la atención sobre lo que él denomina la presente era de la autenticidad, una era individualista, en la cual las personas encuentran su propio camino o hacen lo que desean. El uso de la razón y la experiencia propias para encontrar a Dios produce una sensación de autonomía intelectual. Debido a que el deísmo conduce al ateísmo, muchos abandonan la fe en Dios (al menos, en sus formas tradicionales). Al encontrarse con lo que él describe como “un pluralismo galopante en el plano espiritual”, Taylor identifica una nueva sed de algo más que autosuficiencia y razón, lo cual lleva a muchos a la adoración en comunidad.

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Palabras clave: Secularidad

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PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Chels (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

The Bible calls Christians to take special care of the widows, orphans, and foreigners. Many Christians even get caught up with stereotypes and act hatefully towards those who are different than they are. However, as Christians we are to love all people. Mission in this context means learning about people different so you are not ignorant.


08.12.2012
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Chels (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

I like the commen on  p. 5 which explains that “mission is no longer about crossing the oceans, jungles and deserts, but about crossing the streets of the world’s cities.” Towns are becomingly increasingly diverse as people move more and more.It is important that Christians seek to build relationships with people unlike themselves rather than only forming relationships that are comfortable.


08.12.2012
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo jdb11583 (2)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

I really enjoyed reading this article.  It seems that the Christian communities mentioned have put a good deal of importance on relationship building. I think it is great! It allows others to see Christ within in us.  It really plays of John 13:35.  Through these relationships, they are willing to show compassion and love to others, which allows us to bring the light of Christ into the world. With all the different competing faith groups out there, it can seem difficult to preach the Gospel so that others see it as truth. But actions definitely speak louder than words, as we see in this article.  It has caused me to think of how I am going to structure my ministry here in the United States. If taking Christ to the people can work in Europe, then it surely can work here. 


03.11.2011
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Chels (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica
@ jdb11583:

I think you hit on a key truth- God works within relationships. We, as humans, are meant to build relationships with others. It is beautiful that God is active within our interactions with one another. 


24.11.2012
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Chels (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

It was noted that  “in this pluralist context, mission today requires a global perspective with globally minded congregations that work in partnership with multiple agencies, social services, churches and other religious groups."This is a relevant insight. What are some examples of how this has been done?


24.11.2012
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo PAHayes (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

The examples in the article of successful church growth seem to stem from getting back to the basics.  Being churches of Christ living out Christ’s example to the worls--offering unconditional love, non-judgment, and acceptance.


07.04.2011
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo PAHayes (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica
@ PAHayes:

I believe that if most churches in the United States would take this approach of being more like Christ in our efforts to reach the unchurched we could see a dramatic change in membership as well as a change in society.


17.04.2011
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Drake_Williams (0)
Países Bajos

Thank you for a fine paper regarding the diversity and secularity of Europe.  Thank you also for documenting the hope that there is in renewal of Christian expression in Europe.

I am wondering if you can comment on the role of biblical literacy in addressing secularism.  Your paper title speaks about dogma, but what about biblical literacy - first in the church and then in society.  In your opinion, how might raising biblical literacy counter the issues of diversity and secularism in Europe?  


22.11.2010
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Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo SherryWeddell (0)
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

Thank you very much for your paper and the attached PDF documentation about patterns of immigration in Europe which is pure gold as far as I am concerned.  It is especially helpful for someone like me who works almost entirely within the Catholic Church where the conversation about the meaning of immigration to Europe is seldom missional in nature and most likely to be defensive.  I’ve only have the time to scan it so far but I am so excited already that I return to read it closely. 

Sherry Weddell


18.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Zedequias (0)
Brasil

O processo de secularização fez com que as igrejas tradicionais perdessem muito da sua força moralizante e a sociedade começou a construir seus valores sob outros referenciais que não os religiosos, muito embora a religião esteja presente como nunca na sociedade moderna. A diversidade religiosa, etnica, cultural vividas na Europa e também em outros continentes tornou a fé pluralizada. As igrejas etnicas podem ser vistas como um fenômeno social, pois a participação em grupos sociais reforça comportamentos e identidades. A espiritualidade coletiva (igreja) tem o poder de catalisar os processos de inclusão e exclusão frente aos demais grupos. As avaliações de Calvert neste artigo são excelentes pois nos mostra o quadro atual ao mesmo tempo em que nos aponta caminhos para trilhar. 


16.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Nong_Ruay_Chen (2)  
Taiwán (Republica de China)

Thank you, Robert, for presenting a vivid scenario of European Christianity from various angles. It gave me a better basis to consider some interpretive discussions by others’ responses. I am still coveting more biblical reflections on this significant issue.


15.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Joy_J (0)  
Francia

Cornelis’ comment catches my attention "... because of our sin there is a real deep separation between God and us. ...  evangelical Christians need to show towards Muslims and secular people more humility because it is only by grace that they can tell them about Gods love for us."

I appreciate this comment because I sense that we in the church too easily interface with those outside of the church as the "spiritual haves" to those who "have not."  Yet, in fact, we share with our secular and religious neighbors alike a deep & desperate ongoing need for the grace of God.  This is a profound connecting point with individuals as well as with the larger societies in which we live, and I believe that embracing the commonality of our human condition opens a space where people can - over time - consider Jesus.

Joining forces with others - civic and/or religious entities - to serve those in need as Robert has described strikes me as a powerfully concrete way to affirm respect for and identification with our ’neighbors’ as human beings ... something our Savior demonstrated so well ....


14.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Knud_Jorgensen (1)  
Noruega

In a quote from Stevo Dereta you describe the local church in much of Europe as ’a crippled man’. When we recently had a group from the Global South evaluate the Church of Norway, they used the term ’a sleeping giant’. Some of our established churches in the northern part of the continent are large in membership (85 % in Norway and in Denmark) but tiny in terms of commitment. Many of us ’locals’ are therefore tempted to loose hope and accept that the Lord may move ’the candlestick’. However, the friends from the South saw potential instead: Pray and work for renewal and the power of the Gospel may wake up the sleeping giants of established churches.

Knud Jørgensen

Oslo


13.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Richard_Carson (0)  
Irlanda

Great paper Robert.

I loved the way you celebrated churches’ engagement with the secular society and called for critical engagement rather then retreating into defensive complaining that we can no longer get our way.

Yes, A Secular Age is a must read.

"Europe’s church history of violence" is not the only factor which should drive us to humility, integrity and simplicity. There are many other examples of the abuse of power which call for an attitude of servanthood and love of enemies.

By the way, is "parachurch" still used today? "Para" means beside as in "paranormal" but since I work for a so-called parachurch organisation I consider it part of the church and not something which sits along side it. 


12.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Robert_Calvert (0)   
Países Bajos

Friends, again many thanks for all of your helpful feedback. I am concerned to avoid the impression of accepting the secularist assumptions but this is the world we live in - if I understand Charles Taylor rightly. I think his "A Secular Age" is a must read. I agree with Tudor about how secularity raises questions on the realignment of churches. For me the options are well spelled out by Wilbert Schenk in his outline of five possible responses. I would want to position myself between mainstreaming (a big fear of evangelicals) and a reactionary position. I would opt for what he calls "critical engagement" - this is what we need to work out. The field I am involved in (so you know where I am coming from) is city-centre church, preparing leaders and new ministries. Juliette’s comment about deterioration of discipleship rings true to me and as we need to prepare Christians to act as salt and light in society. Sometimes it seems that churches position themselves against each other - which is to ignore that each church is only part of the body of Christ in the city and not a complete representation. Why can we not act together as limbs, joints, tendons, etc? Emma makes this point well in using a different metaphor of churches behaving as ’islands’. The callenge of the new atheism in the media and government is well made by Michael. I tend to see new ministries with immigrant Christians as a sign of hope here. I am thinking of amplifying on the story of the religious platform set up by the city of Rotterdam in this regard. Well, it is not long now and I look forward to reflecting more with you, perhaps in a more face to face way. Greetings, Robert

 


10.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Terry_Kee (0)
Singapur

An excellent paper that traces the history and development of security and aptly draw our attention to the commitment drawn up at the conference in Pattaya. 

We must also counter the lie that sharing the gospel with pre believers is "intolerance" and "disrespectful" of other faiths.  What is needed is knowing how to creatively share respectfully and not NOT sharing. 


10.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Juliette_Arulrajah (1)  
Singapur

An inspiring paper that paints not only a historical basis of Secularity but also one that sets the stage of cultural context where ethnic diversity, religious plurality and a materialistic mindset in a postmodern world where individuality with a focus on the self weaves a ’tapestry’ of reductionsm, denial of God, distance from the other [inclusive of God], relativism, etc ’driving humanity down the road of perfition. Concuring with you, I also feel that this has arisen due to the deterioration of societal  morality, dysfuntionality of the family, discipleship that is relevant & deep sorely lacking and a deep sense of fear causing the individual to attempt to control his/her own destiny. Your examples vividly brought the points home clearly. Thank you!


08.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Jetteke_N (0)  
Países Bajos

Thank you, Robert, for painting us a picture of what has been going on. It made me also think of chapters in a book on prayer. In ’Listening Prayer’, by Leanne Payne, the influence of neognosticism within the Christian thinking is explained. How it tied us to secularism and subjectivism, leaving us incapable of seeing truth outside if our own perception. The I becomes god and therefore sin is no more. We need a Christ-centered spirituality, understanding absolute truth again. 

Having said that, when reading the paper and reading the line: ’We as European Christians must: 1. Recover prayer in personal and corporate life’, my head and heart said: ’YES.’ And at the same time the question came, as it has before: why don’t we pray? what has happened? This week, I was talking to a church team really struggling with issues in the church. Though, when time came to pray, very little was spoken to God. And I see this happen time and again.


07.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo R_York_Moore (0)  
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

For a U.S. based evangelist, this is extremely helpful in bringing insite into the cultural context in Europe.  Thank you Robert.  I most resonated with the call to restore the gospel’s credibility and to demonstrate its power through partnerships outside the church (e.g. social action).  This is primarily what I’ve focused on these last 10 years in the area of slavery (specifically child prostitution) with my friends at IJM, World Vision and others.  For a quick look at how we’ve brought this together, check out the video from our last evangelistic campaign where over 300


06.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo R_York_Moore (0)  
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica
@ R_York_Moore:

sorry...wasn’t finished before I posted: For a glimpse at how we’ve done this, take a look at the video where 300 students came to Christ at www.osupriceoflife.org or on my site, www.tellthestory.net.  Thanks again!


06.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Tudor_Griffiths (1)  
Reino Unido

Thank you, Robert, for a stimulating paper.

I think the roots of secularity lie earlier than the end of the nineteenth century. In many ways when the church seemed at its strongest in Europe during the 19th century, cracks were beginning to show in the foundations. 

The question of migration into Europe and whether it is necessary is a huge political issue, and it is troubling that it is fuelling some extreme right-wing reactions in different countries across the continent.

You refer to relations with Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, and I wonder whether these could be developed further. The Pope’s recent visit to the UK and his bold comments about the challenges of secularism and the need for Christians to respond with positive witness rang bells for many evangelicals. Secularity raises questions about the realignment of the churches in Europe, where distinctions between those of us who believe in a challenging and transforming orthodox Christian faith and liberals who are more shaped by the agenda of secularity are becoming more significant than the Reformation distinctions between Protestant and Catholic.


06.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Maryedemuth (3)   
Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

Having lived and worked in Southern France, I lift an amen to this. Our hope was to reach those who were marginalized, and by God’s grace, that work is being carried on without us, by Europeans. Being salt and light in Europe looks more like rescuing and loving people than saying a bunch of things.


05.10.2010
PhContributeBy
Responder Señalizar 0 Pulgares arriba Pulgares abajo Emma_B (0)  
Sudáfrica

A loud Amen to the call for a renewed commitment to multi-level partnerships - a prayer for a united church that has the Gospel at its core. What saddens me though is that there are now so many churches that prefer to remain islands. We need to think through how we actually develop these kind of partnerships- helping churches, parachurches and individuals to build trust with one another rather than skepticism - showing Christs love to one another and being open and willing to have real, open conversations with one another that speaks the truth in love and points one another to Christ. I wonder if Jesus’prayer in John 17 is what we need to go back to as we seek to do this.


05.10.2010
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