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Kapstadt 2010 Vorab-Dokument

Urbane Realitäten: Was ist Gottes Weltweite Städtemission?

Autor: Tim Keller
Datum: 18.05.2010
Category: Urbane Mission

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Übersetzungen

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Ursprünglich geschrieben in Englisch

Anmerkung der Redaktion: Dieser Vorabbericht zu Kapstadt 2010 wurde von Tim Keller geschrieben und ist eine Übersicht zum Thema “Megastädte”, welches bei der Abend- Plenarsitzung diskutiert wird sowie der Multiplex-Sitzung mit dem Titel „Gottes Auftrag annehmen für die weltweite Städte-Mission“.  Stellungnahmen zu diesem Bericht durch die Lausanner globalen Gespräche werden an den Autor und andere Personen weitergeleitet und sollen dabei helfen, die endgültige Präsentation festzulegen.

Was ist eine Stadt?

Heute definiert man eine Stadt beinahe ausschließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Einwohnerzahl. Größere Zentren der Wohnbevölkerung werden „Großstädte“ genannt, kleinere „Städte“ und die kleinsten „Dörfer“. Wir dürfen jedoch unsere aktuellen Definierungen nicht auf biblische Zeiten übertragen. Mit dem wichtigsten hebräischen Wort für Stadt, ‘iyr, wird jegliche menschliche Niederlassung bezeichnet, die von einer Mauer oder irgendeiner anderen Befestigung umgeben war. Die meisten antiken Städte hatten lediglich 1’000 – 3’000  Einwohner. „Stadt“ im biblischen Sinne bedeutete nicht so sehr die Anzahl der Einwohner, sondern die Bevölkerungsdichte. Psalm 122,3 bezieht sich auf diese Dichte: „Jerusalem, gebaut, wie eine Stadt sein soll, dicht und kompakt.“ (1) Das Wort, das als „kompakt“ übersetzt wurde, bedeutet eng verflochten und ineinander verschachtelt. In einer befestigten Stadt lebten die Menschen nahe beisammen, in eng aneinandergedrängten Häusern und Strassen. In der Tat schätzt man, dass antike Städte zwischen 2 bis 4 Hektar groß waren und auf 0,4 Hektar 240 Personen lebten. Zum Vergleich: Im heutigen Manhattan in New York City leben nur 105 Einwohner pro 0,4 Hektar. (2)

Demnach war eine Stadt in den alten Zeiten das, was man heute eine begehbare menschliche Siedlung zur „gemischten Nutzung“ nennen würde. Wegen der Dichte der Bevölkerung waren die Orte, wo man wohnte und arbeitete, kaufte und verkaufte, den Künsten nachging oder sie genoss, zur Anbetung ging oder die Rechtsprechung suchte, alle leicht zu Fuß erreichbar. In den ländlichen Gebieten und Dörfern gab es zu jenen Zeiten diese Dinge nicht und in unseren modernen Zeiten wird diese Art von Siedlungsstruktur in den Vororten ganz bewusst vermieden.  Vororte tendieren definitiv zu Einzelnutzungs-Zonen, daher sind die Orte, wo man lebt, arbeitet, spielt und lernt weit von einander entfernt und können nur mittels Verkehrsmitteln durch fußgängerfeindliche Gebiete erreicht werden. 

Was eine Stadt zu einer Stadt macht, ist ihre Umgebung. Sie bringt Menschen zusammen - und damit Anwohner, Arbeitsplätze und kulturelle Einrichtungen. Es gibt wahrscheinlich keinen Ort, an dem sich an einem Tag mehr Leben auf den Strassen und Märkten abspielt und mehr Interaktionen und Austausch zwischen den Menschen stattfindet. Dies ist, was die Autoren der Bibel gemeint haben, als sie über eine „Stadt“ schrieben.

Urbane Mission in der Bibel

Jerusalem

Bereits früher, im Alten Testament, lag der Erlösungs-Stellenwert der Stadt Jerusalem darin, dass sie eine städtische Modellgesellschaft war – “die Freude des ganzen Landes” (Psalm 48,3). Sie bewies der Welt, wie die Menschheit unter SEINER Herrschaft leben könnte. Schon viele haben von dem „Zentripetalfluss“ der Mission in der damaligen Zeit gesprochen. Gott rief die Völker dazu auf, an ihn zu glauben, indem er sie hineinzog, um seine in Israel eingebettete Herrlichkeit zu sehen, das heilige Volk, das er geschaffen hatte, dessen Leben der Welt den Charakter Gottes deutlich machte (5. Mose 4,5-8). Doch das Buch Jona kündigt erstaunlicherweise eine bedeutende Änderung an, nämlich die „zentrifugale“ Mission des Neuen Testaments, die Gläubige in die Welt hinaussendet. Jona ist der einzige Prophet des Alten Testaments, der zu einer heidnischen Stadt gesandt wurde, um sie zur Buße aufzurufen. Gottes letzte Aussage ist bemerkenswert: Der Herr fordert Jona dazu auf, die große heidnische Stadt Ninive zu lieben, wegen ihrer enormen Anzahl an geistlich blinden Einwohnern (Jona 4,10-11).

Deutsch Translation by: LGC_Translation
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Stichwörter: Urbane Mission

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PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Julia_L (4)  
Kanada

Normally I would have more to say, but this was really well written.

Sadly, I wish more urban people would read this - in my own home church, the upwardly mobile, career-and-family-focussed people my age are gradually choosing to move out to the suburbs and commute to the core to work. They cite affordability as an issue (which I find slightly spurious - just because a home costs less per square foot in the suburbs doesn’t mean you need to maximize the number of square feet you buy), but the integration, the definition of what is a city, is a real stumbling block.

If a city is only a functional thing, and utilitarian thing, something that is used to earn money and spend it, then yes, moving far into the suburbs (providing you don’t actually work in the suburbs that you live in-that’s different) becomes a real issue around seeking the welfare of a city.

However, if a city is the place where you live, where your neighbours live, where the vibrancy and energy are, where you feel engaged as a civic partner, proud of the city that you live in, then that changes your vision and your life choices.

Certainly, God’s people are also needed in the suburbs - they also work and play in the suburbs. But to be so separate, to be so disengaged from the city if you work there, but refuse to sleep there or suffer alongside the troubles of the city, because you have the luxury to escape, then I do wonder how one can truly seek the welfare of the city.


17.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Sam_Hershey (0)  
Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
@ Julia_L:

Thank you Julia, well said!


Sam


28.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten H_Benjamin (0)  
Grossbritannien

Excellent and stimulating.  Many thanks.  Having worshipped at the Redeemer Church in New York, it is a pleasure to see robust theology rooted in practice. Two questions:

  1. any further thoughts on the hostility of city government to newcomers? (See note 12, ’City government, however, is often hostile to newcomers’. ) As someone who has been involved in city government for many years in Britain’s most diverse city, I should be fascinated to explore this further.
  2. any suggested further reading?


26.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Arthur_Thangiah (0)  
Indien

Very interesting information. I am excited about  various cities crossing the tipping point of transformation and learning from each other.


21.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Sharon_M (7)  
Singapur

Hi, just wanted to share an example of the combining evangelism, ministry of mercy AND God-given creativity, sited in Bill Johnson’s book, Dreaming With God.  He refers to a homeless shelter in Southern California, called Hope for Homeless Youth, which is pastored by Clayton Golliher, a member of the Harvest International Ministries network.  

Quoting from their wesbite, "Hope For Homeless Youth is a Christ-Centered, Bible-Based, frontline ministry for men and women. We treat drug and alcohol addictions as a spiritual problem. This yields life changing results once this spiritual dimension is addressed. Hope For Homeless Youth has a mission to return men and women to their families whole. The healing process consists of acceptance, discipline, and structure in a supportive, loving atmosphere. The men and women’s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs are met through individual counseling, spiritual sharing, prayer and recreational activities...  Hope for Homeless Youth is a 12-month program for men and women at least 18 years of age, who have a desire for change, a willingness to be held accountable and to be under authority."

In essence this body of Christ has ministry with homeless youth, not only helping them in rehabilitation but also, in their 12 month discipleship program, giving them platforms to exercise their creative gifts to invent commercially viable toys.  In turn, these business ventures have opened doors for the ministry of the Gospel.  Quoting from Bill Johnson, "Executives of major corporations have been amazed by their inventions, which have produced an openness to their message.  To say they are shocked by who God gives ideas to is a great understatement.  One of the toys already in production is their anti-gravity hovercraft flying machine.  It is being made in China and will most likely be sold nationwide through a TV marketing network.  This one-of-a-kind toy has opened doors for ministry that has already resulted in conversions to Christ in that communist nation."

For more information on this, you can read the article posted at http://hopeforhomelessyouth.org/index.php?s=au&nid=88511&news_id=16798


15.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Sam_Hershey (0)  
Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

A very insightful perspective that I would affirm 100%. A question I do have for Tim is on page 5, "It takes a movement to reach a city," how do you imagine this occurring? And it might be helpful to address this, do you see this occurring uniquely in each city, do you imagine an intentional network that could be set up to facilitate this, or an online network? I would propose an online network and developing a strategy to prototype this in NYC!  Sam


14.08.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Carlos-Sosa (0)  
Guatemala

Many thanks for this advance paper.

I would like to mention that here in Guatemala there is a project in the way of Urban Ministries. We (at the Central American Theological Seminary, SETECA) are working in conjunction with Bakke Graduate University in order to design an M.A. Ministry program which would help students to be well-equipped for urban ministries. I think we need orientation from other institutions around the world that have long-time experience in this field.


19.07.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Canada (0)
Kanada

A well-written piece by an astute practitioner. There is much to find agreement with in Keller’s paper.

Perhaps the most compelling item is the coupling of evangelism and ministry of mercy. As Keller states, liberal churches have mostly been about social improvement and convserative churches have primarily aimed at church growth. These concepts have existed in a mutually exclusive way. Either you are about caring for the soul(spiritual needs) or you are about caring for the body(phsyical needs). This is a false dichotomy! Ministry of word and deed are inextricably united and inseperable. They both exist to spread the Kingdom of God.

Let me offer a question to stir up some further thinking on the subject. Keller points out the OT examples of Jonah and the Babylonian exile as case studies to illustrate his point about the importance of the city. He also references Peter’s exhortation to "good deeds and glorify God".

My question is this: what do we do with the ministry of Jesus? He dedicated the majority of his time to rural, small town areas. How does this square up with the thesis presented?


02.06.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten murraycam (0)
Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
@ Canada:

You raise an interesting question regarding the nature of Jesus’ ministry. Jesus’ ministry did seem to primarily be in villages and rural areas.


One clue to the reason for the rural aspect of his ministry is found in Mark 1:45. After healing a many with leprosy, Jesus commands him not to tell anyone but to go to the priest and offer sacrifices. "Instead he went out and began to talk freely, spreading the news. As a result, Jesus could no longer enter a town openly but stayed outside in lonely places. Yet the people still came to him from everywhere."


The gospels record crowds in the thousands coming to hear Jesus preach. In densely packed cities there would be no space for such crowds. As such, mountainsides and beaches provided the ampitheaters for Jesus.


Also, while Jesus’ ministry certainly did not have the exclusive urban nature of the early evident in the Book of Acts and supported by archaeology and historical records, the Gospels do attest to Jesus’ ministry in cities.


The City of Capernaum was his base of operations. Though it likely had a population of around 1,500 this size marked it as a "city" by ancient definitions and by the description that Keller gives in the section "What is a city?"


Jesus likewise ministered in Jerusalem. While the Gospel of John is arranged more thematically rather than chronologically, it does suggest that Jesus ministered in Jerusalem prior to the Passion Week.


 


08.07.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten JetForJesus (1)
China

Great! We need to plant different churches in urban to address different people needs.


07.07.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Giacomo_Carlo_Di_Gae (0)  
Italien

The paper transmits all the value of an experienced approach. I agree for the large and general lines of it. In my comment I will refer to the first part, a kind of biblical theology of city and at the second one, which is focused on urban mission today.

First part

It seems to me a striking and possible biblical theology of city. If this is the case, I think it could be very useful to have a reference to the city not only as an opportunity but also as a danger. Historically the negative vision of city (above all Babylon) was associated with eschatological vision. But probably we could to leave a part prophetic devising and nevertheless find out biblical data that present us the city as the place in which the evil organizes at the best against God and his universal plans. The Babylon of Revelation, image of imperial Rome, had been present in history in different places and times: Berlin in the Third Reich, the Moscow of Soviet empire, and so on. I believe that in this cases we should think about also the possibility to flight from the city. Maybe a temporal and Spirit-filled option. But also a flight could be a witness.

Second part

I am not sure to understand the missionary strategy for urban areas; particularly it is not clear to me the nature of movement you hope for: «Reaching an entire city takes more than having some effective churches in it or even having a burst of revival energy and new converts. To change a city with the gospel takes a self-sustaining, naturally growing movement of ministries and networks around a core of new church multiplication.» 

Does the movement birth in urban area as a result of an effective missionary strategy? Or does it was started in another place and afterwards impacts a new urban area? I understand that the movement is the base of mission and not a consequence.

What about in that case the new churches? As they operates to be the core of the ecosystem?

In actual fact:

1-     In an urban area are founded new churches (How? Who are the members? With which resources?)

2-     The new churches operate to realize the ecosystem (networks, ministries, believers), renew old churches (not necessarily mainline churches). All that is good in the aims. The question: is this vision able to conserves the cooperation principle so valid among Lausanne Movement?

Finally, in the Italian context (because mine perplexities are rooted in this context), where urban areas are not so complexes as other worldwide metropolis, for the reason that Catholic Church is generally a force still able to conserves a kind of cultural homogeneity: often among evangelicals new ecclesiastical adventures are not considered positively if they have not a strong and on equal terms alliance and cooperation with the ecclesiastical landscape.

However, a part these cultural and national perplexities, I conclude in expressing my general appreciation for your stimulating contribute.


29.06.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten elnarain (0)
Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

A good analysis of the city and possibilities for a movement of mission.

A balanced approach of keeping conversion and service in dialectic tension.

How deep is the analysis of the church in the wake of the 21st Century?

Some are identifying contaminants that are contributing to a toxicity in the church. Some toxins:

- institutional hierarchy vs. grassroots organic

-out of sync with the world

-membership, dead or cryogenic embryos

-socializaation in the global context

-theology catapahatic vs. apophatic

-fundamentalism

-out of touch with new science

-transformative spirituality

-beliefs versus transformative faith

-mission vs. missional

- mystic, prophetic spirituality in the 21st Century

-evangelicalism and its alignment with centers of power

-Christendom

Only a healthy church can tip into the city. Challenge is making the church healthy.

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12.06.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten Annbat (0)
Schweden

This is a very thought stimulating article!
I don’t live in a city but I live in a larger town and emigrated to this, now, secular country 23 yrs ago.
Religion has never been a favourite national topic and I have often wondered why I was ’directed’ here.
On the other hand it was here that I actually read the Bible from beginning to end and got to understand how Jesus fitted into the bigger picture.  
In the past few years major cultural, ethnic and religious changes have been happening and I think this article is a wake-up call for me.
Maybe I’m a ’pilgrim and exile’ with a calling and need to step up.
 


02.06.2010
PhContributeBy
Antworten Kennzeichnen 0 Daumen hoch Daumen nach unten jpayne (1)  
Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

This is an excellent paper by Keller.  I’ve posted my comments to this Advance Paper on the Lausanne site HERE


01.06.2010

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Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

PhContributeBy Tim Keller  
 
Ort: New York
Land: Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

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